Zero Conditional

When we want to talk about things that are always or generally true, we can use

If/When/Unless plus a present form PLUS present simple or imperative.

• If you press this button, you get black coffee.
• When you fly budget airline, you don't expect to get anything to eat.
• Unless you need a lot of leg-room, don't pay the extra for first class.

Notice that we are talking about something which is generally true, not a specific event.

In the condition clause, there can be a variety of present forms. In the result clause, there can only be the present simple or imperative.

• If you visit Barcelona, look out for the spectacular architecture.
• If unemployment is rising, people tend to stay in their present jobs.
• If you've finished everything, go home.
• When you go to Barbados, take plenty of sun cream.
• When I'm working, please be quiet.
• When I've written a new article, I run it through my spell-checker.

Notice that 'unless' means the same as 'if not'.

• Unless he asks you to continue, stop all work on the project.
• Unless interest rates are rising, it's not a good investment.
• Unless you've been to Tokyo yourself, you don't really understand how fantastic it is.

First Conditional

We use the First Conditional to talk about future events that are likely to happen.

• If we take John, he'll be really pleased.
• If you give me some money, I'll pay you back tomorrow.
• If they tell us they want it, we'll have to give it to them.
• If Mary comes, she'll want to drive.

The 'if' clause can be used with different present forms.

• If I go to New York again, I'll buy you a souvenir from the Empire State Building.
• If he's feeling better, he'll come.
• If she hasn't heard the bad news yet, I'll tell her.

The "future clause" can contain 'going to' or the future perfect as well as 'will'.

• If I see him, I'm going to tell him exactly how angry I am.
• If we don't get the contract, we'll have wasted a lot of time and money.

The "future clause" can also contain other modal verbs such as 'can' and 'must'.

• If you go to New York, you must have the cheesecake in Lindy's.
• If he comes, you can get a lift home with him.

ادامه نوشته

Should / Shouldn't

+ should +	- should not / shouldn't -
You should eat 5 portions of fruit and veg a day. It's really good for your health. (I think it is a good idea for you to do it.) "I think you should eat 5 portions of fruit and veg a day."	You shouldn't smoke. It's really bad for your health. ( I think it is a bad idea for you to do it.) "I don't think you should smoke."

	Positive Form + (should)	Negative Form - (should not or shouldn't)	Question Form ? (should / shouldn't)
Use "should" for giving advice or expressing an opinion.
	You should speak English every day.	You shouldn't try to translate words all the time.	Should I learn English or Spanish? Shouldn't you spend a bit more time practising your English?
Use "should have" to talk about things you regret you did or didn't do in the past.
	I should have worked harder at school when I was a child.	I really shouldn't have spent all my money on new clothes.	Shouldn't you have finished?
You can use "should have + past participle" to speculate about things that may or may not have happened.
	The plane should have landed by now.	She shouldn't have started cooking yet. Let's call her to tell her we'll be late.	Shouldn't the plane have landed by now?
You can use "should" for giving advice for the future or speculating on what might happen in the future
	They should win next week.	You shouldn't go to the party tonight. You have a test in the morning.	Should I go to the party tonight

Some and Any

• 
  Some is usually used to indicate positive substance. Any is used in questions and negatives. For example,
  • There is some bread on the table.
  • I would like some more meat.
  • Do you have any towels?
  • There aren’t any more oranges.
• Some and any can also be used as parts of indefinite pronouns: something, somebody, anything, anyone.
  • Is anyone home?
  • There isn’t anything in the oven.
  • Something is wrong.
• Be careful when using some and any alone in sentences.

• I don’t have some. I don’t have any.

  (Incorrect) (Correct)

• Some can also be used in certain types of questions, such as offers and requests. For example,
  • Would you like some more pie?
  • Could I have some candy?

 

 

Walk	walks	walked	walked	walking
Open	opens	opened	opened	opening
Close	closes	closed	closed	closing
Talk	talks	talked	talked	talking
Look	looks	looked	looked	looking
Listen	listens	listened	listened	listening
Wash	washes	washed	washed	washing
Watch	watches	watched	watched	watching
Clean	cleans	cleaned	cleaned	cleaning
Smell	smells	smelled	smelled	smelling
Smile	smiles	smiled	smiled	smiling
Laugh	laughs	laughed	laughed	laughing
Taste	tastes	tasted	tasted	tasting
Stop	stops	stopped	stopped	stopping
Cry	cries	cried	cried	crying
Try	tries	tried	tried	trying
Eat	eats	ate	eaten	eating
See	sees	saw	seen	seeing
Speak	speaks	spoke	spoken	speaking
Take	takes	took	taken	taking
Make	makes	made	made	making
Give	gives	gave	given	giving
Write	writes	wrote	written	writing
Do	does	did	done	doing
Go	goes	went	gone	going
Sing	sings	sang	sung	singing
Drink	drinks	drank	drunk	drinking
Sit	sits	sat	sat	sitting
Stand	stands	stood	stood	standing
Say	says	said	said	saying
Sleep	sleeps	slept	slept	sleeping
Keep	keeps	kept	kept	keeping
Feel	feels	felt	felt	feeling
Hear	hears	heard	heard	hearing
Cut	cuts	cut	cut	cutting
Hit	hits	hit	hit	hitting
Set	sets	set	set	setting
Put	puts	put	put	putting
Come	comes	came	come	coming
Run	runs	ran	run	running
Read	reads	read	read	reading
Think	thinks	thought	thought	thinking
Bring	brings	brought	brought	bringing
Buy	buys	bought	bought	buying

DOING OR RECEIVING THE ACTION

When someone is doing the action.	When something is receiving the action.
Everyone knows that.	That is known by everyone.
We promised the work to those men.	The work was promised to those men.
Did she already spend her money?	Was her money already spent?
Tomorrow we will read this book.	Tomorrow this book will be read.
We will take the younger children.	The younger children will be taken.
Did the leader give a clear message?	Was the leader's message clear?
The man started his car early.	The man's car was started early.
We called the children by name.	The children were called by name.
They chose the shortest book.	The shortest book was chosen.

USE THESE WORDS CORRECTLY

How high is that mountain?	Its height is over 11,000 feet.
How wide is their house?	Its width is almost 50 feet.
How deep is the water?	Its depth is about 100 feet.
How long is this bed?	Its length is about six feet.
How thick is that book?	Its thickness is greater than any of the others.
How strong is that boy?	His strength is very great.
How powerful is this car?	Its power is greater than that one over there.
How weak is that woman?	Her weakness is extreme.
How dark is it inside the house?	The darkness is more than we can stand.
How hot is the fire?	Its heat is very high.

"TO BE," "TO DO," "TO HAVE" AND "TO GO"

PRESENT TENSE

To Be
1 person		2 or more people
I am	am I?	we are	are we?
you are	are you?	you are	are you?
he is	is he?	they are	are they?
she is	is she?
it is	is it?

 

To Do
1 person		2 or more people
I do	do I?	we do	do we?
you do	do you?	you do	do you?
he does	does he?	they do	do they?
she does	does she?
it does	does it?

 

To Have
1 person		2 or more people
I have	have I?	we have	have we?
you have	have you?	you have	have you?
he has	has he?	they have	have they?
she has	has she?
it has	has it?

 

To Go
1 person		2 or more people
I go	do I go?	we go	do we go?
you go	do you go?	you go	do you go?
he goes	does he go?	they go	do they go?
she goes	does she go?
it goes	does it go?